abstract：:Trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 are expressed, usually together, at high levels by the pancreas but also by many other normal and malignant tissues. The present review describes studies on the expression and putative functions of trypsinogens and PSTI/TATI/SPINK1 in the human body. The clinical aspects are discussed...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Paju A,Stenman UH

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancer is a major and increasing public health problem worldwide. Traditionally, the diagnosis and staging of cancer, as well as the evaluation of response to therapy have been primarily based on morphology, with relatively few cancer biomarkers currently in use. Conventional biomarker studies have been focused on sin...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Feng Q,Yu M,Kiviat NB

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There have been major advances in our understanding of thrombosis and antithrombotic drugs. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of thrombus formation and antithrombotic therapy. Molecules involved in arterial thrombosis are derived from inflammatory cells in the atherosclerotic plaque and blood platelets. The...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Wu KK,Matijevic-Aleksic N

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The discovery of a G protein-coupled, calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) a decade ago and of diseases caused by CaR mutations provided unquestionable evidence of the CaR's critical role in the maintenance of systemic calcium homeostasis. On the cell membrane of the chief cells of the parathyroid glands, the CaR "senses" t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Tfelt-Hansen J,Brown EM

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the laboratory biochemical tests that are useful in the diagnostic approach to the hypertensive patient. A "minimal" diagnostic laboratory work-up, including a small number of tests that are simple and relatively inexpensive, is first described. Because these tests provide basic information on t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Seccia TM,Rossi GP

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Low molecular-mass plasma proteins play a key role in health and disease. Cystatin C is an endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor belonging to the type 2 cystatin superfamily. The mature, active form of human cystatin C is a single non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 120 amino acid residues, with a mole...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Mussap M,Plebani M

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a group of immunologically mediated lung diseases caused by the inhalation of environmental agents in susceptible individuals. Most HP patients are non-smokers and have been exposed to organic dusts from vegetable or animal products. Some HP cases are associated with exposures to r...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Yi ES

更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of risk factors for atherogenesis has changed significantly over the last decade. In addition to better grasp of the mechanism of action of the "classic" (causal) risk factors, a number of potentially important new factors has emerged. In this review we briefly summarize the evidence of the relation ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Frohlich J,Dobiasova M,Lear S,Lee KW

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction and marker of alcohol intake. The last few years have seen improvements in these areas and advances in understanding of its physiological role in counteracting oxidative stress by breaking down extracellular glutathione and ma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Whitfield JB

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes can be used as models to gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for maintaining/controlling vascular tone. In fact, the study of patients with these syndromes provides important insights into mechanistic details of the most relevant pathways of vascular tone. So far, several ex...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Calò L,Davis PA,Semplicini A

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite virus of hepatitis B virus (HBV), is associated with severe and sometimes fulminant hepatitis. The traditional methods for the diagnosis of HDV infection, such as detection of serum anti-HD antibodies, are sufficient for the clinical diagnosis of delta infection....

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Modahl LE,Lai MM

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leptin is a 16-kDa cytokine secreted in humans primarily but not exclusively by adipose tissues. Its concentration in blood is usually proportional to body fat mass, but is higher in women than in men not only because of a different distribution of and greater fat mass in women, but also because testosterone reduces i...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Himms-Hagen J

更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Fluoride has the potential to increase skeletal mass to a greater extent than any other pharmacologic agent, yet it has proven difficult to translate this into therapeutic benefit for patients with low bone mass in diseases such as osteoporosis. This apparent paradox can be explained in part by toxic actions of the io...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Kleerekoper M

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:High-density lipoprotein (HDL), the most abundant human plasma lipoprotein, plays a major role in reverse cholesterol transport, which recycles cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver. HDL constitutes a heterogeneous group of particles differing in density, size, electrophoretic mobility, and apolipoprotein con...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Tailleux A,Fruchart JC

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans, control a variety of functions involved in immune response and influence susceptibility to over 40 diseases. Theoretical studies in the development of models to determine the modes of inheritance of the HLA-ass...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Thomson G

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. They play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Some of these genes are found to be altered in human cancers, i.e., mutated, amplified, deleted, translocated, or abnormally regulated. Recently, the ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Diamandis EP

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Osteocalcin is a small (Mr 5800), very interesting bone specific protein, synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in plasma as a biochemical indicator of bone formation. Many immunoassays for osteocalcin have been developed, including radio- and enzymoimmunoassays, with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies....

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Power MJ,Fottrell PF

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypophosphatasia is a rare inherited disorder in which the activity of the bone/liver/kidney or tissue nonspecific form of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is reduced. The clinical expression of the disease is highly variable, but in early life the severity tends to reflect the age of onset. Accordingly, the disease is ofte...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Caswell AM,Whyte MP,Russell RG

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The science of blood rheology (study of the flow and deformability of blood) is of increasing practical importance to the investigation of blood disorders. In diagnostic laboratories, rheological tests such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, zeta sedimentation ratio, and plasma viscosity are used to monitor patien...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Stuart J,Nash GB

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Homologous blood transfusion has been implicated as a modulator of the host immune system in a number of clinical settings. Improved renal allograft survival is observed in patients receiving pretransplant transfusions. Decreased recurrence of active inflammatory bowel disease has been recently reported in transfused ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Triulzi DJ,Blumberg N,Heal JM

更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The coupling of hematologic data with radionuclide studies of the spleen has provided information as to the functioning of the organ in a variety of disease states. The major radionuclide studies have been presented in terms of the type of information derivable and the various conditions that can result in fairly simi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Spencer RP,Gupta SM

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most clinical chemical analytes vary in a random manner around a homeostatic set point. Replicate analyses of a series of specimens collected from a group of subjects allows estimation of analytical, within and between subject components of variation. The preferred experimental procedures and statistical methods for e...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Fraser CG,Harris EK

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The physical properties and chemical composition of urine are highly variable and are determined in large measure by the quantity and the type of food consumed. The specific gravity is the ratio of the density to that of water, and it is dependent on the number and weight of solute particles and on the temperature of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Pradella M,Dorizzi RM,Rigolin F

更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There have been numerous reports of spectrophotometric and volume problems caused by elevated levels of lipids in blood. The offending lipids, primarily triglycerides, not only cause turbidity leading to optical aberrations when added to analytical reagents, but also result in short-sampling errors leading to the meas...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Artiss JD,Zak B

更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Complement is a humoral effector system composed of 21 plasma proteins that was identified initially because of its cytolytic effects. In addition to cytolysis, complement has a number of different functions related to inflammatory and other host defense processes. The description of the reaction mechanism includes: (...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Dalmasso AP

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemophilia care depends on several factors for the production of purified FVIII: plasma procurement, plasma logistics, production method, and efficacy. The latter two are restrictive factors, both for the supply and the safety of FVIII preparations. Conventional production methodology unavoidably recovers only 10 to 2...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Smit Sibinga CT

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The CK-BB isoenzyme is ubiquitous in neoplastic tissue, but with low activity. Accordingly, it might be a nonspecific and insensitive tumor marker. Evaluation of BB isoenzyme in serum might indicate the extent of diseases or the response to therapy. The presence of CK-MB in patients with cancers may cause confusion wi...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Tsung JS

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Urinary nucleosides offer a number of useful laboratory and clinical applications in the study and analysis of leukemia. There are significant differences in the excretion of modified nucleosides between normal individuals and individuals with various forms of leukemia, as well as between leukemia patients at opposite...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Trewyn RW,Grever MR

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Infants with very low birthweights (less than 1250g) are immunocompromised and have immature hematopoietic systems. They require frequent blood transfusions and have an increased susceptibility to infection. These very low birthweight infants who lack passively acquired antibody against CMV, acquire transfusion-associ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Adler SP

更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Squamous carcinomas of the head and neck provide a useful model for analyzing patterns and mechanisms of tumor-associated bone destruction. Morphological studies show that a major part of the invasive process is mediated by local osteoclasts which erode bone in front of the advancing tumor. Functional studies indicate...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Carter RL

更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Isoelectric focusing (IEF) as a method for differentiating macromolecules with minor differences in isoelectric points has demonstrated an increase in the degree of genetic polymorphisms of the blood. Studies over the last 5 to 6 years have shown that genetic marker systems such as transferrin (TF), phosphoglucomutase...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Dykes DD,Polesky HF

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The deoxyuridine suppression (dU) test, first described in 1964, has gained an important place both in the diagnosis of megaloblastic anemias and in the study of vitamin B12 folate interrelationships in the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia. The test measures the integrity of the de novo synthetic pathway of DNA sy...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Metz J

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The problems of assessment of human zinc status are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the limitations to each of the current available measurements. The advantages and limitations of leukocytes are then described. Methods of preparation and potential problems in the assay for zinc are described in detail. The data...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Patrick J,Dervish C

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation now has an established place in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia and acute leukemia. Major problems to be overcome in transplantation in patients with aplastic anemia are marrow graft rejection and graft vs. host disease. Results are better in younger patients and in patie...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Weiden PL

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite the ever growing collection of data concerning the function of the immune system in patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck, the precise mechanism by which these tumors effect the body's surveillance against foreign antigen is as yet unidentified. If these specific immunological characteristics...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Newbill ET,Johns ME

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Maximum stability of analytes in chemistry control materials is desired. Stability testing is customarily performed by manufacturers, both prior to distribution of products and during the period following distribution when the products are in the field. Users and evaluators of such materials periodically have reported...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Lawson NS,Haven GT,Williams GW

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microcytic red blood cell states are common clinical problems in both adult and pediatric age groups. The recent widespread availability of electronic blood cell counters for performing routine blood counts has increased the detection of microcytic red blood cells. Physicians must workup both symptomatic and asymptoma...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Marsh WL Jr,Koenig HM

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is the major protein of fetal serum and most resembles albumen, which replaces it shortly after birth. It is produced by fetal liver and passes into the amniotic fluid (AF) via fetal urine. A small amount crosses the membranes into the maternal circulation. Excluding fetal blood contamination, ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Crandall BF

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) continues to find increasing applications in the characterization of microorganisms and the diseases associated with them. GLC has been used to characterize microorganisms through qualitative and quantitative analyses of cellular structural components and soluble extracts and metabolic ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences

authors： Edman DC,Craven RB,Brooks JB

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00